Every dataset originates from an authoritative scientific agency.
This catalogue records what we use, where it comes from, what it measures,
its update cadence, known limitations and required attribution.
| Dataset | Provider | Domain | Measurement |
Coverage | Cadence | Type | Limitations |
| EGMS: European Ground Motion Service |
Copernicus / ESA | Ground Motion |
Land surface displacement velocity (InSAR), ~20 m resolution |
Europe | Multi-year releases (2015–2021) | Observation |
Europe only. Point coherence depends on surface scatterers. |
| SONEL GNSS Network |
SONEL / IGS | Ground Motion |
GNSS station velocity (horizontal and vertical) |
Global, coastal and geodetic sites | Near real-time | Observation |
Station density varies by region. Vertical uncertainty higher than horizontal. |
| EarthScope / UNAVCO GNSS |
EarthScope Consortium | Ground Motion |
GNSS station velocity |
Americas and Pacific | Near real-time | Observation |
Primary coverage in the Americas. Processing latency varies by station. |
| Open-Meteo Historical Weather |
Open-Meteo (ERA5 / ECMWF) | Hydrology / Climate |
Precipitation, soil moisture, surface temperature (~9 km) |
Global | Daily | Derived / Reanalysis |
Reanalysis product; not a direct observation. Precipitation accuracy lower in complex terrain. |
| USGS Earthquake Catalog |
USGS | Seismic |
Earthquake magnitude, location, depth, mechanism |
Global | Real-time | Observation |
Detection threshold varies by region. Small events missing in poorly instrumented areas. |
| USGS Volcano Hazards Program |
USGS | Volcanic |
Volcanic alert levels and activity status |
USA and selected global | Real-time | Observation |
Comprehensive monitoring primarily covers US volcanoes. |
| USGS NWIS Groundwater |
USGS | Hydrology |
Groundwater level at monitoring wells |
USA | Daily | Observation |
USA only. Well distribution uneven. Not all wells report continuously. |
| USGS Quaternary Fault Lines |
USGS | Geology / Reference |
Tectonic fault locations and classifications |
USA | Static reference | Reference |
Coverage primarily USA. Fault completeness varies by region. |
| NASA FIRMS: Fire Information for Resource Management |
NASA / LANCE | Thermal / Fire |
Active fire locations and fire radiative power (375 m VIIRS / 1 km MODIS) |
Global | Daily / near real-time | Observation |
Cloud cover obscures fire detection. Small fires below radiometric threshold may not appear. |
| NOAA CPC ENSO / Oceanic Niño Index |
NOAA Climate Prediction Center | Climate |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation state and ONI index |
Global | Monthly | Index |
Monthly resolution. Historical values may be revised as new data is incorporated. |
| NOAA OISST: Optimally Interpolated SST |
NOAA NCEI | Ocean |
Sea surface temperature (~25 km resolution) |
Global (ice-free ocean) | Daily | Derived |
Derived product; not a direct observation. Sea-ice regions excluded. |
| NOAA CO-OPS Tide Gauges |
NOAA CO-OPS | Ocean / Coastal |
Water level and tidal conditions |
USA coastal | 6-minute / real-time | Observation |
Coverage limited to USA coastal stations. |
| NOAA SWPC Solar Wind |
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center | Space Weather |
Solar wind speed, density and magnetic field Bz (DSCOVR / ACE) |
L1 Lagrange point | 1-minute real-time | Observation |
L1 measurements precede Earth impact by approximately 15–45 minutes. Instrument outages occur. |
| NOAA Kp / Dst Geomagnetic Indices |
NOAA SWPC / GFZ Potsdam | Geomagnetism |
Planetary geomagnetic activity index (Kp) and disturbance storm time (Dst) |
Global | 3-hourly (Kp) / hourly (Dst) | Derived Index |
Kp is a global average; it does not resolve regional magnetic variation. Provisional values revised retrospectively. |
| NOAA SWPC Solar X-ray & Flare Events |
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center | Space Weather: Solar |
Solar X-ray flux and flare event classifications (GOES satellite) |
Solar disk | Real-time | Observation |
GOES viewpoint covers only Earth-facing solar disk. Classification uncertainty for borderline events. |
| NOAA OVATION Aurora Model |
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center | Space Weather: Auroral |
Modelled aurora probability (%) and hemispheric power (OVATION Prime model; not a direct observation) |
Global auroral zones | 30-minute forecast | Model |
Model output; not a direct auroral observation. Accuracy degrades at mid-latitudes. |
| INTERMAGNET / BGS Geomagnetic Observatories |
INTERMAGNET / British Geological Survey | Geomagnetism: Ground |
Ground magnetic field X, Y, Z, H, D, F components (~18 observatories); ΔB derived by Planetary Monitoring |
Global station network | 1-minute (adjusted; ~10-day embargo) | Observation |
Station network uneven. Adjusted data ~10 days delayed. ΔB is a PM-derived metric, not supplied directly. |
| IGRF-14 International Geomagnetic Reference Field |
IAGA / International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy | Geomagnetism: Reference |
Main geomagnetic field F, X/Y/Z/H (nT), secular variation (nT/yr); global 5°×5° model grid (~2,400 pts) |
Global | 5-year model releases | Model |
Main-field model only; does not capture storm-time or rapid external field variations. |
| GRACE-FO Terrestrial Water Storage |
NASA / GFZ Potsdam | Hydrology |
Terrestrial water storage anomalies from satellite gravity (~300 km resolution) |
Global | Monthly (2–3 month publication delay) | Derived |
Not currently integrated. TWS context provided via ERA5/Open-Meteo soil-moisture proxy. Direct GRACE-FO data planned for a future release. |
| ESA WorldCover |
ESA | Land |
Land cover and land use classification (10 m, Sentinel-1 and -2) |
Global | Annual | Derived |
Integration currently partial. Annual rather than real-time update cycle. |
| Natural Earth |
Natural Earth | Geography / Reference |
Administrative boundaries and geographic features |
Global | Static reference | Reference |
Public domain. Updated periodically. |
21 datasets from authoritative scientific agencies across multiple Earth-system domains.
All data is used in accordance with each provider's terms of use and attribution requirements.
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